Invitation is:

1. A document written or printed, or spoken words, /onveying the message by which one is invited.
2. The act of inviting; solicitation; the requesting of a person's company; as, an invitation to a party, to a dinner, or to visit a friend.
3. Allurement; enticement.
4. A request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something.


NOTE !!
- A written or spoken request asking someone to spend time with you socially or to come to a social event
The wedding invitations went out yesterday.
invitation to: Nobody in the office had received an invitation to the party.
- A request to someone to do something or go somewhere
invitation to do something: She has received an invitation to join a new environmental policy body.
decline/refuse an invitation: The senator declined our invitation to comment on the allegations.
standing/long-standing/open invitation (=with no fixed date): The former president has accepted a long-standing invitation to address the conference.
- A invitation or open invitation an action or event that makes something unpleasant more likely to happen
invitation to: He described the low wages paid to police officers as almost an invitation to corruption.
an (open) invitation to do something: The banks will take the minister’s comments as an open invitation to charge their customers higher rates.

Phrases

* At someone’s invitation/at the invitation of someone
if you do something at someone’s invitation, you do it when they ask or invite you
They came to Washington at the invitation of the president.

* By invitation (only)
available only to people who have been formally invited
a club with membership by invitation only

* Without invitation formal
without being asked or invited by anyone
When someone comes nearer without invitation, we feel threatened.

Everyone must have heard the fairy tale,
that most parents read fairy tale to their children before bedtime,
nearly all kids interested in fairy tale because the story is interesting,
in addition, the fairy tale a child is usually made to inculcate moral values, when it was big, Then we'll know what's contained in the narrative text, without having at length, let us learn together!



The generic structure of Narrative text :
1. Orientation :
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
2. Complication :
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
3. Resolution :
The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
4.Re-orientation :
The ending of the story.
5. Evaluation :
The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story


Linguistic features :
1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kind of Narrative text :
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
4. Science fiction

This is an example of Narrative Text :

The expression of “ Would you like….” is normally used for offering something to someone.
Minato : Would you like a ramen Kushina ?
Kushina : Yes, please. Thank you. That is my favourite food.
Hiashi : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.


Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Sasuke ?
* Should I get you a bottle of water ?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Naruto ?
* Would you care some salad ?


Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself ?

Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don’t you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering
* No, thanks
* No, really won’t, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I’d like it very much
* That would be very nice

Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow,next week,next month, next year, and so on.If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now (time past),tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now (time future).

Positive Tenses
Pattern :
* S + will+ verb1+ O+ modifier
* S + (is,are.am) + going + verb1+ O+ modifier
* S + (is,are,am) + (verb1 + ing) + O + modifier

Example :
* Farmers in Jati Bali will grow rice crops next month
* Some students are going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester.
* Transpiration will start to increase tomorrow morning.


Negative Tense
Pattern :
* S + will + not + verb1+ O + modifier
* S + {(is,are,am) going to}+ not +verb1 + O + modifier
* S + (is,are,am) + (verb1 + ing) + O + modifier

Example :
* Farmers in Jati Bali will not grow rice crops next month
* Transpiration will not start to increase tonight
* He will not be very happy when he finds out.

Question
Pattern :
* Will + S + verb1+ O + modifier
* Will + S + {(is,are,am) going to}+ O + modifier
* Will + S + (is,are,am) + (verb1 + ing) + O + modifier

Example :
* Will farmers in Jati in Bali grow rice crops next month?
* Will transpiration start to increase tomorrow morning?
* Will he be very happy when he finds out?

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.

Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…


Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English.
- What is this? This is a tableThis is a table
- What is that? That is a chair.
- What’s this? It’s a pen.
- What’s that? It’s an apple.
- What are these? These are pencils.
- What are those? Those are books.
- Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
- Where is Ms. Knight? She’s (right) here.
- Where’s Johnny? He’s in the house.
- When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
- When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
- How is the food? It’s delicious.

Information about company
- What does your company do?
- What is your specialty?
- What do you specialize in?
- What is your main line of business?

Information about products
- Could you give me some (more) information on this?
- What can you tell me about this (product)?
- Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price
- What are you asking for this?
- What does this sell for?
- How much is it?
- How much does it run?

If you all can make a new news ?
definitely for those who want to become a news writer will always be associated with this.
Let's we learn!

News item is factual text which infroms the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

- Function of news item :
Social function of news items is to infrom readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

- Generic structure:
* Newsworthy event(s) : recounts the events in summary form.
* Background event(s) : elaborate what happend , to WHOM, in WHAT circumstance.
* Sources : Comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.

- Significant Granma features:
~ Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
~ Generally using Simple Past Tense
~ Use of material priocesses to retell the event
~ Using Action verbs, ex: run, go, kill, etc
~ Using saying verbs, ex: say, tell
~ Focus on circumstances
~ Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stage.

There an some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible:
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of “be’
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing,but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentence

Linguistic features :
* Action verbs.
* Verbal verbs.
* Mental verbs.
* Temporal circumstances.
* Spatial circumstances.
* Specific participants.

- A headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article
below it.
Read some newspaper headlines below:
1. Michael Jackson’s last album “This is it” will be on the market in November.
2. Rupiah becomes stronger at the end of this week

We use:
* at for a PRECISE TIME
* in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
* on for DAYS and DATES

Example :
- At (at noon, at sunset, at 10.00 am, at dinnertime, at bedtime etc.)
- In (in March, in 1996, in the next century, in the Ice Age etc.)
- On (on 4 March, on my birthday, on Monday, on independence day etc.)


Look at these examples:
* I have a meeting at 9am.
* The shop closes at midnight.
* Jane went home at lunchtime.
* In England, it often snows in December.
* Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
* There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
* Do you work on Mondays?
* Her birthday is on 20 November.
* Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Example, in sentences :
- The stars shine at night.
- We finished test at the same time
- She is not home at present. Try later!

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
* I went to London last June. (not in last June)
* He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
* I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
* We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Formal expressions:
Ø I wonder if you remember.....
Ø You remember...., don’t you?
Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
Ø Don’t you remember.....?
Ø Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:
Ø Let me think, yes, I remember.
Ø I remember especially the scenery.
Ø I’ll never forget that
Ø I’ll always remember.
Ø I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:
Ø Remember the old house we used to live in?
Ø Remember that?
Ø I’m sorry, i don’t remember.

Ways to respond:
Ø Hold on. Yes, got it!
Ø I know.....
Ø It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:
Ø Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
Ø I’m affraid I forget.
Ø I really can’t remember.
Ø I’m afraid I have no memory of him
Ø Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
Ø Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example :
It was Sunday morning, wati got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Wati : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry.
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Wati : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day! (LOL)

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.

Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped

Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.

If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:
* The boy are listening to a story.
* The story was being told by grandfather.
* Snow white eats a poisonous apple
* A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white
* Snow white is eating a poisonous apple
* A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white
* Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple
* A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white
* Snow white ate a poisonous apple
* A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white
* Snow white was eating a poisonous apple
* A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white
* Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple
* A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white
* Snow white will eat a poisonous apple
* A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white
* Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple
* A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white
* Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple
* A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white

Definition of finite verb :
A verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verbs in a sentences. It shows tense (past/present, etc) or number (singular/plural), A finite verb makes an assertion or expresses a state of being and can stand by itself as the main verb of a sentence.

Example of finite verb :
— I cook, she reads, Anto went
— Dina has eaten when Ria come in, By itself, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
— Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking.

Definition of non-finite verb :
A verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.

Example of nonfinite verb
— Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
— This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
— Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
— I can’t afford to go out tonight.

The infinitive can have the following forms:
The perfect infinitive (to have + past participle)
For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.

This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

For example:
— If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
— Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
— I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
— He pretended to have seen the film.
— If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.
• indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

For example:
Direct speech :"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
Indirect speech : He said he was going to the cinema.
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
• Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are :Tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.


Simple present
Past tense
direct : Vita said “ I eat fried rice”
indirect : Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Simple past
Past perfect
direct : Mother said “ I went to market yesterday”
indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Simple future
Past future
direct : Dave said “ I will buy an i-pod next week’
indirect : Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after

Present continuous
Past continuous
direct : Gama said “ I’m playing football”
indirect : Gama said he was playing football

Past continuous
Past perfect continuous
direct : She said “ I was teaching earlier”
indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier

When we want to report what someone said , we don’t usually repeat their exact words , we use our words , we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by “that clause”.

Example :
My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock

Noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun.

Examples :

• Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
• Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
• Places  : gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
• Things  : computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
• Ideas  : liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, workship.
  
  Verb phrase are groups of words that express action or state of being. They take on various forms.
  
  As with nouns, noun phrase also have a function as subject or object in a sentence. Consider the following example bellow :
• My coach is happy
• I like the cars over there
• The woman who lives there is my aunt

The order of the writig of Noun Phrase in English follows the rules as follows :

• Determiner, it a/an or dan jugathe
• Opinion, e.g. handsome, beautiful, cute etc.
• Size, e.g. small, large, huge etc.
• Age, e.g. old, modern etc.
• Temperature
• Shape
• Colour
• Original
• Country or City
• Material, e.g. iron, gold etc.
• Purpose
• Noun

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
Ø It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
Ø It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
Ø It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
Ø It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
Ø It is dangerous to play with fire.
Ø It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.
Ø To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
Ø To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
Ø To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)


When the subject is a gerund phrase
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’
Ø It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the manager won’t be any good.)
Ø It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
Ø Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good)
Ø It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.
It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?

The meaning of surprise are :
The astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you, or
The state of being surprised,or taken unawares,by some act or event which could not reasonably be foreseen.

The meaning of disbelief are :
A state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion, assertion or doctrine is not true.
Denial of belief.

Ways to say it :

Expressing being surprised :
Telling surprising news :
Guest what!
Surprise!
I’ve got news for you.
Do you know what?
You won’t believe it!

Responding to believe or not :
Oh, no. That’s not true.
You don’t say.
Really? That sounds interesting.
Really? It’s surprising that….
Seeing is believing.
Good heavens.
My goodness!
This is really a surprise

The expressions used to say believe or not believe are :
Asking if you believe or not :
Do you believe it?
Wouldn’t you believe it?
Can you imagine that?
You don’t believe it, do you?
Don’t you think it’s odd that …?

Responding to believe or not :
No, I don’t believe it.
Are you serious?
Are you joking?
Are you kidding?
You must be joking/kidding!
Oh, no! That’s not true!
You don’t say!
Seeing is believing.

Other Roms
Attic : People store things in the attic.
Ballroom : A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room : A small room used for storage.
Cellar : Underneath the house.
Cloakroom : A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory : A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room : A room where people eat.
Drawing Room : A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room : A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall : The entrance passage to a house.
Larder : A small room used for the storage of food.
Library :  A room where books are kept.
Lounge : Another name for living room.
Music Room : A room where people play music.
Office : A room where people work.
Pantry : A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour :  Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room : Another name for living room.
Spare Room/
Guest Room : A room where guests sleep.
Toilet : A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room : A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.Things you may find around the house

The aim of descriptive text : to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.
Text Structure
- Identification : Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described
- Description : Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features :
- Who? What?
- Using lingking verb and simple present tense
- Epithet : adjective or adjective phrase
- Attributive (the)
- Use of attributive and identifying process

Example Of Descriptive Text :
Identification
My Pets
We have three family pets : a dog, a cat, and a tortoise
Descriptions
- The Dogs name is Benjamin. He is golden lambrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep bubt the yare fun to play with
- Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white for and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
- The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him